Mean 29,75 T/s
Standard deviation 29 T/s
Original NASA Study
Goodwin, T.J. Physiological and Molecular Genetic Effects of Time-Varying
Electromagnetic Fields on Human Neuronal Cells. NASA/TP-2003-212054, 2003,
available electronically from: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030075722/downloads/20030075722.pdf
Considering low-frequency pulses (10 Hz) at very low
intensity, we observed that the shape of the waveform itself is the major
determinant of the observed biological effects.
Robert Dennis Commentary
Dennis, Robert. (2019). Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation - Part I: Overview and First Observations. The Journal of Science and Medicine. 1. 20-35. 10.37714/josam.v1i1.5.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340330953_Inductively_Coupled_Electrical_Stimulation_-_Part_I_Overview_and_First_Observations
Inductively Couple PEMF vs Resonant PEMF
The focus of this work is on a specific type of PEMF termed Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation, or ICES. This a specific form of pulsed electro-magnetic energy based upon a concept first reported in 1974 (2) and subsequently developed under contract for NASA-JSC in 1996 to 1999, then under contract for DARPA, and thereafter has been further refined using independent funding.
Narrow “square” electrical pulses from the PEMF pulse generator circuit yielded skewed triangular magnetic waveforms, as shown. This magnetic waveform is typical, resulting from a 100 micro-second current pulse applied to the PEMF coil in a short cuff, and measured using an analog Hall effect sensor. Note that the rise time corresponds to the electrical current pulse applied the coils (0 μs to 100 μs), while the fall-off time occurs while the coil current drains to ground potential,
PULSE - PEAK - Rising Slew - Falling Slew
Skewed Triangle wave
Measure using Hall effect Sensor
Standard deviation 29 T/s
Original NASA Study
Goodwin, T.J. Physiological and Molecular Genetic Effects of Time-Varying
Electromagnetic Fields on Human Neuronal Cells. NASA/TP-2003-212054, 2003,
available electronically from: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20030075722/downloads/20030075722.pdf
Considering low-frequency pulses (10 Hz) at very low
intensity, we observed that the shape of the waveform itself is the major
determinant of the observed biological effects.
Robert Dennis Commentary
Dennis, Robert. (2019). Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation - Part I: Overview and First Observations. The Journal of Science and Medicine. 1. 20-35. 10.37714/josam.v1i1.5.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340330953_Inductively_Coupled_Electrical_Stimulation_-_Part_I_Overview_and_First_Observations
Inductively Couple PEMF vs Resonant PEMF
The focus of this work is on a specific type of PEMF termed Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation, or ICES. This a specific form of pulsed electro-magnetic energy based upon a concept first reported in 1974 (2) and subsequently developed under contract for NASA-JSC in 1996 to 1999, then under contract for DARPA, and thereafter has been further refined using independent funding.
Narrow “square” electrical pulses from the PEMF pulse generator circuit yielded skewed triangular magnetic waveforms, as shown. This magnetic waveform is typical, resulting from a 100 micro-second current pulse applied to the PEMF coil in a short cuff, and measured using an analog Hall effect sensor. Note that the rise time corresponds to the electrical current pulse applied the coils (0 μs to 100 μs), while the fall-off time occurs while the coil current drains to ground potential,
PULSE - PEAK - Rising Slew - Falling Slew
Skewed Triangle wave
Measure using Hall effect Sensor
16 Slew Rate Studies
1) [30 T/s best results ... Ideal Range 30 - 100 T/s (30 T/s > 10 T/s and 300 T/s too high)
Reduced Bone Loss
Caroline Androjna, Cristal S. Yee, Carter R. White, Erik I. Waldorff, James T. Ryaby, Maciej Zborowski, Tamara Alliston, Ronald J. Midura,
A comparison of alendronate to varying magnitude PEMF in mitigating bone loss and altering bone remodeling in skeletally mature osteoporotic rats, Bone, Volume 143, 2021,115761, ISSN 8756-3282.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S8756328220305494
http://scalarsymphony.health/articles-pemf/A%20comparison%20of%20alendronate%20to%20varying%20magnitude%20PEMF%20in%20mitigating%20bone%20loss%20and%20altering%20bone%20remodeling%20in%20skeletally%20mature%20osteoporotic%20rats.pdf
In this study, the middle range of PEMF slew rate of 30–100 T/s more effectively reduced trabecular bone loss in OVX rats than PEMF treatments with higher or
lower slew rates.
2) [30 T/s > 10 T/s]
Anti-inflammatory [1 hour only needed compared to 3 hour]
Wang M, Li Y, Feng L, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang N, Viohl I, Li G. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Enhances Healing of a Meniscal Tear and Mitigates Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in a Rat Model. Am J Sports Med. 2022 Aug;50(10):2722-2732.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362008725_Pulsed_Electromagnetic_Field_Enhances_Healing_of_a_Meniscal_Tear_and_Mitigates_Posttraumatic_Osteoarthritis_in_a_Rat_Model/link/62d3be92d351bd24f51e8c58/download
3) [30 T/s > 10 T/s]
Bone healing - Shorter duration needed [1 hour vs 3 hour]
Li Y, Yang Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Bai S, Lu X, Li Y, Waldorff EI, Zhang N, Lee WY, Li G. High slew rate pulsed electromagnetic field enhances bone consolidation and shortens daily treatment duration in distraction osteogenesis. Bone Joint Res. 2021 Dec;10(12):767-779
https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/2046-3758.1012.BJR-2021-0274.R1/pdf
4) [30 T/s > 10 T/s]
Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis
Li, Yucong & Qi, Pan & Zhang, Nianli & Wang, Bin & Yang, Zhengmeng & Ryaby, James & Waldorff, Erik & Lee, Wayne & Li, Gang. (2020). A novel pulsed electromagnetic field promotes distraction osteogenesis via enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat model. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 25. 10.1016/j.jot.2020.10.007.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346483744_A_novel_pulsed_electromagnetic_field_promotes_distraction_osteogenesis_via_enhancing_osteogenesis_and_angiogenesis_in_a_rat_model
5) 18 T/s
Smith, T.L., Wong-Gibbons, D. and Maultsby, J. (2004), Microcirculatory effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields. J. Orthop. Res., 22: 80-84.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1016/S0736-0266%2803%2900157-8
Microcirculation - The study hypothesis was that PEMF would increase arteriolar diameters, a potential mechanism involved in the healing process. These results support the hypothesis that local application o f a specific PEMF waveform can elicit significant arteriolar vasodilation
Although the percent increase in diameterfollowing PEMF stimulation appears modest, it is im-portant to recall that resistance to blood flow, as defined by Poiseuille's law) [Pwa-zoiz law], is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel, to the fourth power
Resistance = 8u*length/pi*radius^4 (u is the viscosity)
Therefore, because arterial flow to a tissue is determined by arterial pressure divided by resistance, a small increase in the vessel radius translates into a large decreasein resistance and a dramatic increase in flow
6) Bob Dennis Rabbit Bone 10 T/s > 5 T/s
Bone regeneration
Dennis, Robert. (2020). Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation - Part 2: Optimization of parameters for orthopedic injuries and pain. The Journal of Science and Medicine. 1. 10.37714/josam.v1i2.27.
https://www.josam.org/josam/article/view/27/25#:~:text=The%20optimal%20magnetic%20waveform%20slew,%3D%3E%20100%20kG%2Fs
7) Bob Dennis Inflammation 160 T/s, 120 T/s, 40 T/s
Hubbard, Devin. (2020). Electroceutical Technology: Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of 40-160 T/S Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation (ICES) In The Acute Inflammation Model. The Journal of Science and Medicine. 2. 1-50. 10.37714/josam.v2i2.38
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcp.21025
8) 9.5 T/s Successful
Bone Healing
Spadaro, J.A. & Bergstrom, W.H.. (2002). In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Net Calcium Flux in Rat Calvarial Bone. Calcified tissue international. 70. 496-502. 10.1007/s00223-001-1001-6.
https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A12%3A11965132/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A15247064&crl=c
9) 15 t/s works
Bone / Tendon Healing
Tucker, J.J., Cirone, J.M., Morris, T.R., Nuss, C.A., Huegel, J., Waldorff, E.I., Zhang, N., Ryaby, J.T. and Soslowsky, L.J. (2017), Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy improves tendon-to-bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model. J. Orthop. Res., 35: 902-909
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jor.23333
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy improves tendon-to-bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model
Overall, results suggest that PEMF improves early tendon-to-bone healing specifically through an improvement of tendon mechanical properties. We speculate that PEMF treatment may increase tendon cell metabolism, in turn increasing matrix production and collagen remodeling, reflected in improved mechanical properties and increased collagen alignment. A small rotator cuff repair clinical trial utilizing a different PEMF signal demonstrated early increases in range of motion and functional scores.14 Our findings provide further evidence of improvements in mechanical properties and matrix organization, supporting further investigation into clinical use of this therapy for various PEMF waveforms.
10) 17 T/s
chondrogenesis - cartilage (bone, joints)
Parate, D., Franco-Obregón, A., Fröhlich, J. et al. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep 7, 9421 (2017).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09892-w
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that provides smooth, low-friction surfaces for joints, supports and shapes various body structures, and acts as a shock absorbe
Cartilage plays a role in the growth and repair of bones and joints.
Damage to cartilage can lead to conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and chondritis.
11) 1.5 mT within ∼50 ms (∼17 T/s)
Craig Jun Kit Wong, Yee Kit Tai, Jasmine Lye Yee Yap, Charlene Hui Hua Fong, Larry Sai Weng Loo, Marek Kukumberg, Jürg Fröhlich, Sitong Zhang, Jing Ze Li, Jiong-Wei Wang, Abdul Jalil Rufaihah, Alfredo Franco-Obregón, Brief exposure to directionally-specific pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulates extracellular vesicle release and is antagonized by streptomycin: A potential regenerative medicine and food industry paradigm,Biomaterials, Volume 287, 2022, 121658, ISSN 0142-9612
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961222002988
Myoblast culure - Myogenesis / Muscle regeneration
12) 17 T/s
Parate, D., Kadir, N.D., Celik, C. et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate the paracrine function of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 11, 46 (2020).
https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-020-1566-5
Cartilage Regeneration
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can separate into various cell types, including: Bone cells, called osteoblasts. Cartilage cells, termed chondrocytes.
13) 5.3 T/s worked
Nerve Regeneration
Sisken, Betty. (2021). Enhancement of Nerve Regeneration by Selected Electromagnetic Signals.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352001966_Enhancement_of_Nerve_Regeneration_by_Selected_Electromagnetic_Signals
14) 17 T/s Breast Cancer
Frequency 20 to 50 Hz
2mT - 5mT
30-90 minutes per day
Crocetti S, Beyer C, Schade G, Egli M, Fröhlich J, Franco-Obregón A. Low intensity and frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields selectively impair breast cancer cell viability. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 11;8(9):e72944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072944. PMID: 24039828; PMCID: PMC3770670.
Conclusion: Based on our data it appears that PEMF-based anticancer strategies may represent a new therapeutic approach to treat breast cancer without affecting normal tissues in a manner that is non-invasive and can be potentially combined with existing anti-cancer treatments.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24039828/
15) 5.3 T/s worked
Dallari D, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Del Piccolo N, Stagni C, Amendola L, Rani N, Gnudi S, Giardino R. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision prostheses: a randomized prospective double-blind study. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009 Sep;30(6):423-30.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.20492
16) 90 T/s worked
Martino CF, Belchenko D, Ferguson V, Nielsen-Preiss S, Qi HJ. The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the cellular activity of SaOS-2 cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008 Feb;29(2):125-32.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.20372
New
17) 12 T/s Worked (3850 Hz carrier / 15 Hz burst) - .5 mT
ConclusioL: In conclusion, PEMF treatments of OVX rats improved a functional property of fibula fracture callus to the range seen in age-matched, normal rats. If the current pre-clinical study conclusion would hold true for humans, then similar PEMF treatments may potentially translate into faster and better healing responses with better fusion rates in osteopenic or osteoporotic patients.
Androjna, Charlie & Fort, Brian & Zborowski, Maciej & Midura, Ronald. (2014). Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Treatment Enhances Healing Callus Biomechanical Properties in an Animal Model of Osteoporotic Fracture. Bioelectromagnetics. 35. 10.1002/bem.21855.
1) [30 T/s best results ... Ideal Range 30 - 100 T/s (30 T/s > 10 T/s and 300 T/s too high)
Reduced Bone Loss
Caroline Androjna, Cristal S. Yee, Carter R. White, Erik I. Waldorff, James T. Ryaby, Maciej Zborowski, Tamara Alliston, Ronald J. Midura,
A comparison of alendronate to varying magnitude PEMF in mitigating bone loss and altering bone remodeling in skeletally mature osteoporotic rats, Bone, Volume 143, 2021,115761, ISSN 8756-3282.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S8756328220305494
http://scalarsymphony.health/articles-pemf/A%20comparison%20of%20alendronate%20to%20varying%20magnitude%20PEMF%20in%20mitigating%20bone%20loss%20and%20altering%20bone%20remodeling%20in%20skeletally%20mature%20osteoporotic%20rats.pdf
In this study, the middle range of PEMF slew rate of 30–100 T/s more effectively reduced trabecular bone loss in OVX rats than PEMF treatments with higher or
lower slew rates.
2) [30 T/s > 10 T/s]
Anti-inflammatory [1 hour only needed compared to 3 hour]
Wang M, Li Y, Feng L, Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang N, Viohl I, Li G. Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Enhances Healing of a Meniscal Tear and Mitigates Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in a Rat Model. Am J Sports Med. 2022 Aug;50(10):2722-2732.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362008725_Pulsed_Electromagnetic_Field_Enhances_Healing_of_a_Meniscal_Tear_and_Mitigates_Posttraumatic_Osteoarthritis_in_a_Rat_Model/link/62d3be92d351bd24f51e8c58/download
3) [30 T/s > 10 T/s]
Bone healing - Shorter duration needed [1 hour vs 3 hour]
Li Y, Yang Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Bai S, Lu X, Li Y, Waldorff EI, Zhang N, Lee WY, Li G. High slew rate pulsed electromagnetic field enhances bone consolidation and shortens daily treatment duration in distraction osteogenesis. Bone Joint Res. 2021 Dec;10(12):767-779
https://boneandjoint.org.uk/Article/10.1302/2046-3758.1012.BJR-2021-0274.R1/pdf
4) [30 T/s > 10 T/s]
Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis
Li, Yucong & Qi, Pan & Zhang, Nianli & Wang, Bin & Yang, Zhengmeng & Ryaby, James & Waldorff, Erik & Lee, Wayne & Li, Gang. (2020). A novel pulsed electromagnetic field promotes distraction osteogenesis via enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis in a rat model. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 25. 10.1016/j.jot.2020.10.007.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346483744_A_novel_pulsed_electromagnetic_field_promotes_distraction_osteogenesis_via_enhancing_osteogenesis_and_angiogenesis_in_a_rat_model
5) 18 T/s
Smith, T.L., Wong-Gibbons, D. and Maultsby, J. (2004), Microcirculatory effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields. J. Orthop. Res., 22: 80-84.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1016/S0736-0266%2803%2900157-8
Microcirculation - The study hypothesis was that PEMF would increase arteriolar diameters, a potential mechanism involved in the healing process. These results support the hypothesis that local application o f a specific PEMF waveform can elicit significant arteriolar vasodilation
Although the percent increase in diameterfollowing PEMF stimulation appears modest, it is im-portant to recall that resistance to blood flow, as defined by Poiseuille's law) [Pwa-zoiz law], is inversely proportional to the radius of the vessel, to the fourth power
Resistance = 8u*length/pi*radius^4 (u is the viscosity)
Therefore, because arterial flow to a tissue is determined by arterial pressure divided by resistance, a small increase in the vessel radius translates into a large decreasein resistance and a dramatic increase in flow
6) Bob Dennis Rabbit Bone 10 T/s > 5 T/s
Bone regeneration
Dennis, Robert. (2020). Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation - Part 2: Optimization of parameters for orthopedic injuries and pain. The Journal of Science and Medicine. 1. 10.37714/josam.v1i2.27.
https://www.josam.org/josam/article/view/27/25#:~:text=The%20optimal%20magnetic%20waveform%20slew,%3D%3E%20100%20kG%2Fs
7) Bob Dennis Inflammation 160 T/s, 120 T/s, 40 T/s
Hubbard, Devin. (2020). Electroceutical Technology: Anti-Inflammatory Effects Of 40-160 T/S Inductively Coupled Electrical Stimulation (ICES) In The Acute Inflammation Model. The Journal of Science and Medicine. 2. 1-50. 10.37714/josam.v2i2.38
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcp.21025
8) 9.5 T/s Successful
Bone Healing
Spadaro, J.A. & Bergstrom, W.H.. (2002). In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of a Pulsed Electromagnetic Field on Net Calcium Flux in Rat Calvarial Bone. Calcified tissue international. 70. 496-502. 10.1007/s00223-001-1001-6.
https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A12%3A11965132/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A15247064&crl=c
9) 15 t/s works
Bone / Tendon Healing
Tucker, J.J., Cirone, J.M., Morris, T.R., Nuss, C.A., Huegel, J., Waldorff, E.I., Zhang, N., Ryaby, J.T. and Soslowsky, L.J. (2017), Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy improves tendon-to-bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model. J. Orthop. Res., 35: 902-909
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jor.23333
Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy improves tendon-to-bone healing in a rat rotator cuff repair model
Overall, results suggest that PEMF improves early tendon-to-bone healing specifically through an improvement of tendon mechanical properties. We speculate that PEMF treatment may increase tendon cell metabolism, in turn increasing matrix production and collagen remodeling, reflected in improved mechanical properties and increased collagen alignment. A small rotator cuff repair clinical trial utilizing a different PEMF signal demonstrated early increases in range of motion and functional scores.14 Our findings provide further evidence of improvements in mechanical properties and matrix organization, supporting further investigation into clinical use of this therapy for various PEMF waveforms.
10) 17 T/s
chondrogenesis - cartilage (bone, joints)
Parate, D., Franco-Obregón, A., Fröhlich, J. et al. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep 7, 9421 (2017).
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09892-w
Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that provides smooth, low-friction surfaces for joints, supports and shapes various body structures, and acts as a shock absorbe
Cartilage plays a role in the growth and repair of bones and joints.
Damage to cartilage can lead to conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and chondritis.
11) 1.5 mT within ∼50 ms (∼17 T/s)
Craig Jun Kit Wong, Yee Kit Tai, Jasmine Lye Yee Yap, Charlene Hui Hua Fong, Larry Sai Weng Loo, Marek Kukumberg, Jürg Fröhlich, Sitong Zhang, Jing Ze Li, Jiong-Wei Wang, Abdul Jalil Rufaihah, Alfredo Franco-Obregón, Brief exposure to directionally-specific pulsed electromagnetic fields stimulates extracellular vesicle release and is antagonized by streptomycin: A potential regenerative medicine and food industry paradigm,Biomaterials, Volume 287, 2022, 121658, ISSN 0142-9612
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961222002988
Myoblast culure - Myogenesis / Muscle regeneration
12) 17 T/s
Parate, D., Kadir, N.D., Celik, C. et al. Pulsed electromagnetic fields potentiate the paracrine function of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 11, 46 (2020).
https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-020-1566-5
Cartilage Regeneration
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can separate into various cell types, including: Bone cells, called osteoblasts. Cartilage cells, termed chondrocytes.
13) 5.3 T/s worked
Nerve Regeneration
Sisken, Betty. (2021). Enhancement of Nerve Regeneration by Selected Electromagnetic Signals.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352001966_Enhancement_of_Nerve_Regeneration_by_Selected_Electromagnetic_Signals
14) 17 T/s Breast Cancer
Frequency 20 to 50 Hz
2mT - 5mT
30-90 minutes per day
Crocetti S, Beyer C, Schade G, Egli M, Fröhlich J, Franco-Obregón A. Low intensity and frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields selectively impair breast cancer cell viability. PLoS One. 2013 Sep 11;8(9):e72944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072944. PMID: 24039828; PMCID: PMC3770670.
Conclusion: Based on our data it appears that PEMF-based anticancer strategies may represent a new therapeutic approach to treat breast cancer without affecting normal tissues in a manner that is non-invasive and can be potentially combined with existing anti-cancer treatments.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24039828/
15) 5.3 T/s worked
Dallari D, Fini M, Giavaresi G, Del Piccolo N, Stagni C, Amendola L, Rani N, Gnudi S, Giardino R. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision prostheses: a randomized prospective double-blind study. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009 Sep;30(6):423-30.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bem.20492
16) 90 T/s worked
Martino CF, Belchenko D, Ferguson V, Nielsen-Preiss S, Qi HJ. The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the cellular activity of SaOS-2 cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2008 Feb;29(2):125-32.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bem.20372
New
17) 12 T/s Worked (3850 Hz carrier / 15 Hz burst) - .5 mT
ConclusioL: In conclusion, PEMF treatments of OVX rats improved a functional property of fibula fracture callus to the range seen in age-matched, normal rats. If the current pre-clinical study conclusion would hold true for humans, then similar PEMF treatments may potentially translate into faster and better healing responses with better fusion rates in osteopenic or osteoporotic patients.
Androjna, Charlie & Fort, Brian & Zborowski, Maciej & Midura, Ronald. (2014). Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Treatment Enhances Healing Callus Biomechanical Properties in an Animal Model of Osteoporotic Fracture. Bioelectromagnetics. 35. 10.1002/bem.21855.